What is Total War Definitions and Examples

Total war is a strategy in which militaries use any means necessary to win, including those considered morally or ethically wrong in the context of warfare. The goal is not only to decimate but to demoralize the enemy beyond recovery so that they are unable to continue fighting. Key Takeaways Total war is a war fought without limitations on targets or weapons.Ideological or religious conflicts are more likely to give rise to total war.Total wars have occurred throughout history and include the third Punic War, the Mongol Invasions, the Crusades and the two World Wars. Definition of Total War Total war is mainly characterized by the lack of distinction between fighting lawful combatants and civilians. The purpose is to destroy the other contender’s resources so that they are unable to continue to wage war. This might include targeting major infrastructure and blocking access to water, internet, or imports (often through blockades). Additionally, in total war, there is no limit on the type of weapons used and biological, chemical, nuclear, and other weapons of mass destruction may be unleashed. While state-sponsored imperialist wars tend to have the greatest numbers of casualties, it is not the number of casualties alone that defines a total war. Smaller conflicts across the globe, such as tribal wars, incorporate aspects of total war by kidnapping, enslaving, and killing civilians. This deliberate targeting of civilians elevates less expansive wars to the level of total war. A nation waging total war may also impact its own citizens through a mandatory draft, rationing, propaganda, or other efforts deemed necessary to support the war on the home front. History of Total War Total war began in the Middle Ages and continued through the two World Wars. While there have long been cultural, religious and political norms expressing who should and should not be targeted in war, there was no international ordinance describing the laws of war until the Geneva Conventions, which created the International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Total War in the Middle Ages Some of the earliest and most significant examples of total war occurred in the Middle Ages, during the Crusades, a series of holy wars fought in the 11th century. During this period, it is estimated that over one million people were killed. Soldiers sacked and burned countless villages in the name of preserving their respective religions. The population of entire cities was slain in an attempt to completely destroy the basis of their adversaries’ support. Genghis Khan, the 13th-century Mongolian conqueror, followed a strategy of total war. He founded the Mongol Empire, which grew as he and his troops spread across Northeast Asia, seizing cities, and slaughtering large portions of their populations. This prevented uprisings in the defeated cities, as they did not have the human or material resources to rebel. One of the best examples of Khan’s use of this type of warfare is his largest invasion, which was against the Khwarazmian Empire. He sent hundreds of thousands of troops across the empire to kill the citizens without discrimination and enslave others to be used as human shields in later battles. This scorched earth policy holds that the best way to win a war is to ensure that the opposition cannot mount a second attack. Total War in the 18th and 19th Centuries During the French Revolution, the Revolutionary Tribunal engaged in acts of total war, nicknamed â€Å"The Terror.† During this period, the Tribunal executed anyone who did not show fervent and undying support of the Revolution. Thousands of people also died in prison awaiting trial. During the Napoleonic Wars that followed the revolution, it is estimated that approximately five million people died over the twenty-year period. During this time, Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte became known for his savagery. People March Thru Georgia Following Sherman. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Another famous example of total war occurred during the American Civil War with Sherman’s March to the Sea. After successfully capturing Atlanta, Georgia, the Union Major General William T. Sherman marched his troops toward Savannah to the Atlantic Ocean. Along this route, General Sherman and Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant burned and sacked smaller towns in order to destroy the South’s economic basis—the plantations. This strategy was intended to demoralize the Confederates and destroy their infrastructure so that neither the soldiers nor the civilians had the supplies to mobilize for the war effort. The World Wars: Total War and the Home Front Nations in World War I mobilized their own civilians for the war effort through forced conscription, military propaganda, and rationing, all of which can all be aspects of total war. People who had not consented were made to sacrifice food, supplies, time, and money to aid the war. When it comes to the conflict itself, the United States initiated the four-year Blockade of Germany which starved citizens and soldiers alike and debilitated the nation’s access to resources. In addition to blocking food and agriculture supplies, the blockade also restricted their access to foreign weapon imports. During World War II, much like the previous World War, both the Allies and the Axis powers utilized conscription and civilian mobilization on all fronts. Propaganda and rationing continued, and civilians were expected to work longer hours to compensate for human capital lost during the war. Much like World War I, the Allies targeted German citizens to hasten the end of the conflict. The British and American forces firebombed the German city of Dresden because it was one of Germany’s industrial capitals. The bombing destroyed the nation’s railways system, aircraft factories, and other resources. Atomic Bombs: Mutually Assured Destruction The practice of total war, however, largely ended with World War II, as nuclear war assured mutually assured destruction. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States showed the apocalyptic possibilities of total nuclear war. Five years after this event, the International Humanitarian Law outlawed any weapons that were indiscriminate (and though nuclear weapons are not explicitly mentioned, many agree they are prohibited under this clause). Total war impacts civilians as well as combatants. A little girl carries jerrycans after she filled them up with clean water from a charity pump during a continuing clean water crisis on July 24, 2018 in Sanaa, Yemen. Mohammed Hamoud / Getty Images Conclusion While the IHL helped curb total war by making the deliberate targeting of civilians illegal, it did not end the use of certain strategies, such as mandatory military service in Israel, South Korea, Armenia (and many others), or the destruction of civilian homes, such as in the Syrian Civil War, or the deliberate targeting of civilians in the war in Yemen. Sources Ansart, Guillaume. The Invention of Modern State Terrorism during the French Revolution. University of Indiana, 2011.Saint-Amour, Paul K. â€Å"On the Partiality of Total War.†Ã‚  Critical Inquiry, vol. 40, no. 2, 2014, pp. 420–449.  JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674121.Haines, Amy R. â€Å"Total War and the American Civil War: An Exploration of the Applicability of the Label Total War  to the Conflict of 1861-1865. Undergraduate Research Journal at UCCS. Volume 3.2 (2010):12-24.

Dangerous Social Forces - 1185 Words

Social forces always come along with behaviors, whether they’re good or bad. They create who people are and can even help identify who we are. Those forces can even help with identifying others too. But they can become dangerous and they shape who a person will grow up to be. If theyre influenced to do amazing things or horrible things, help others in need or ignore them. Social forces are beyond our control. Nothing can change them. Social forces influence identities and become dangerous. Gender, race, time and place are just three social forces. All can have negative effects associated with them, the stereotyping of gender, saying that a girl has to dress nice, or cook in the kitchen, race and being discriminated against for not being†¦show more content†¦His racial identity was enough to be unfair. It gets dangerous when people get mistreated because of their race. It wasn’t uncommon for people, even kids, to call Tom a â€Å"nigger†. Name calling is used to make someone less human. Race and name calling go together. And no matter what race you are, there will be a word that people will associate your identity. In the Bruce Janu Race forum, it wasn’t unheard of to hear about a racial lynching. That just because a person is black, they dont deserve to live. A persons identity would decide if that person would die or not. When a persons identity is associated with death, its dangerous. In the article, â€Å"America is Still A Deeply Racist Country† the author Chris Arnade said how he was sitting at a bar and overheard someone say, â€Å"Well if a nigger can be president, then I can have another drink.† (Arnade 1) A president is a president, and when a person adds his identity, thats where the hate starts. â€Å"...my childhood was defined by race. It was why our car was shot at, why threats were made to burn our house down, why some neighbors forbid me to play on their lawn.† (Arnade 1) A persons identi ty changes peoples respective on you. Since the author is black, her identity is changed. She could still be the same person as everyone else, or hasnt done anything bad, but people judge by identities. Lastly is time and place can influence how people act. There have been goodShow MoreRelatedEssay On Hazing1391 Words   |  6 PagesDon’t force yourself to fit in where you don’t belong. When it comes to hazing, many believe that it is nothing more but some witless tricks and inoffensive pranks. However, hazing (humiliating and sometimes dangerous initiation rituals, especially as imposed on college students seeking memberships to a fraternity or sorority) has always been captivated as a secretive college activity when it comes to join fraternities, sororities, military institutions, sport teams and other social groups. 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Lessons learnt from failure Free Essays

Failure, it comes to everyone in different measures but only a handful of them gain from it. I also experienced a heart breaking failure which had a great impact on my life. At the age of seven I was introduced to chess. We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons learnt from failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though I did not have any Inclination towards the game my parents wanting me to stay occupied enrolled me in a chess academy where I learnt to play chess. I took to chess very quickly and surprisingly In a week’s time I started playing better than most of the guys my age. I started winning trophies and certificates and playing lots of tournaments and inning most of them. I gained recognition and became famous In my town as a chess champion. I even won the state level championship which proved I was better than thousands of players In my state. All this at the tender age of ten made me an overconfident boy with a â€Å"greater than thou attitude However as a child I did not realize the amount of hard work and practice that I would have to put In to reach the national levels. I started taking things for granted, those early wins had gone to my head and though my parents encouraged me to practice I was reluctant as there was to much challenge for me in my small town. Hence I started playing chess on the computer and soon I reached the level with the highest difficulty, but very soon I got bored of it. The happiness that I would get from defeating a real person eluded me when played in front of a machine, which resulted in me getting disinterested in practicing chess, failing to realize that without practice I would never reach my goal of becoming a national champion. My parents persuaded me a lot but I was stubborn and did not realize that I would soon lose the mastery I developed with so much effort. Though I had stopped playing chess I never lost my overconfident attitude. Ultimately the time came for me to play the qualifying rounds for the national level tournament, as expected I went there overconfident of victory and played such an important tournament without any practice. The results were obvious, I was defeated in the very first round and at that moment I experienced the worst failure in my life. At that time I realized my game had degraded and my skills as a chess player had deteriorated. I lost my confidence and became utterly dejected and devastated and eve up on chess. This was the biggest mistake of my life as I let depression get the better of me. I was deeply hurt and ashamed and withdrew into my shell for quite some time. After a couple of years one of my female competitor went on to become a grand master in chess , lots was being written about her In the news papers along with displays of photographs, making me feel all the more ashamed of myself. That ‘s when learnt the most valuable lessons which will stay with me for the rest of my life. First one was that never ever give up on your dream come what may, In other words resistance Is paramount and second one was that nothing can be gained without hard work. Now as my academics also require attention I have resumed playing chess just as my hobby, at the same time I have firmly resolved to give my best to whatever I decide to do in life and steer the ship of my life to the shores of success. I am a totally different person after tasting failure and I feel I am more mature and more committed as an individual and am sure that I will bring value as a person to which ever institution I get admission to. Seasons learnt from failure By Garn-Ideas inclination towards the game my parents wanting me to stay occupied enrolled me in surprisingly in a weeks time I started playing better than most of the guys my age. I winning most of them. I gained recognition and became famous in my town as a than thousands of players in my state. All this at the tender age often made me an overcon fident boy with a â€Å"greater than thou attitude â€Å". However as a child I did not realize the amount of hard work and practice that I would have to put in to reach the when I played in front of a machine, which resulted in me getting disinterested in Ultimately the time came for me to play the qualifying rounds for the national level grand master in chess , lots was being written about her in the news papers along with displays of photographs, making me feel all the more ashamed of myself. That’s when I learnt the most valuable lessons which will stay with me for the rest of my life. First one was that never ever give up on your dream come what may, in other words persistence is paramount and second one was that nothing can be gained without chess Just as my hobby, at the same time I have firmly resolved to give my best to How to cite Lessons learnt from failure, Papers

Boys Lives Essay Example For Students

Boys Lives Essay As everyone knows, within the human race there are males and there are females. We all figure out what our gender identity is at a young age. For boys, male toys like building blocks and trucks and sports like baseball and soccer help a boy form into what society considers to be a man. Society believes that boys should grow up to be strong, dependant and bread winning in order to be a real man. These social standards that are expected from boys, can also be explained by social roles. We are cast into social roles at the moment we are born. These social roles construct boys to be a certain way and follow the set boy code. Boys are taught to stay clear from emotional openness, vulnerability, and dependance. We are also taught to not let others know when we feel scared , depressed or when we are happy and in love. The most important rule altogether for boys, is to stay away from anything that people think of as being feminine. Society has made it clear that in order to be a real man, yo u must be a leader, successful, in control, confident, decisive, independent, serious, and self-reliant. Naturally, families have a large influence on boys development, considering they are the people who the boy spends the most time with and also they are the ones who raise and shape him into who he becomes. The two main influences on the boys development are obviously the mother and the father. In a boys life it is commonly seen for the boy to be much closer to his mother. A mother is usually the one who boys can express their feelings more openly, opposed to the father who is more of just a male role model for the boy. The mother and sons relationship can serve as a drastic formation of the boys personality. If a boy is very close to his mother, then he will more likely be in touch with emotions and feelings. Mothers can help a boy express his feelings more, because he feels safer and more comfortable with his mother. When a boy is with his father he is going to act out the boy code more, in order to make his father happy because in is only natural to act the way the boys largest rol e model (his father) does. A boy would never go crying to his father with his problems because his father, because he wouldnt want his father to think he was a sissy. A father seems to be more interested in making the boy to be as masculine as possible, and punishing him for any feminine acts. Also most fathers are rasing there sons the same way that they were brought up. If the father in the family was brought up in a strict household, where his father ruled and made sure his son was tough and manly, then that he will grow up and do the same to his sons. When boys are growing up they are surrounded by mixed messages. They are taught by society, that in order to be a real man, you mustnt show your emotions, feelings, and you cant cry or do anything that a girl would do. However at the same time, in todays politically correct world, people are getting the message across that men should show their feminine side and be aloud to express their emotions. These mixed messages in society, t hrow an average boy into a world of confusion. Boys dont know how to behave in their everyday lives. This confusion causes many boys to have very low self-esteems and a large buildup of emotions. The boys dont express their true emotions over time and they build up, until the boys self-esteem is crushed. Another addition to the lowing of boys self-esteem, once again falls back on society. Society puts a lot of emphasis on how most boys are trouble makers in school and are the toughest to keep under control. In school, boys are looked at simply as interferences to the girls in the class, and keep them from learning. Since this is the way that teachers look at the boys in their class, it definitely places a large impact on how the boys act. The boys feel as if they have to fulfil the stereotypes that these adults have of them. This is the other reason why boys feel as if they have to live up to and fulfil the typical boy code society places on them. .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d , .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .postImageUrl , .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d , .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d:hover , .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d:visited , .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d:active { border:0!important; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d:active , .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb564bb21cfd934419bccb5def7f354d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual & AsexualBibliography:Pollack, William. Real Boys First Owl Books, New York, NY. 1999

Sales Team Structure

Executive Summary This report is focused on building an effective sales model for Austvending vending machine company that has business operations in Australia and New Zealand. The company has ten years of experience in providing cost effective, specialized, innovative, and customized business solutions and services to meet the needs and expectations of the market using vending machines.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Team Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company takes responsibility for the most difficult parts by delivering the services and taking the machines closer to the customers to enable them to optimize the profits earned from the delivered of services using the electronic vending machines. Service delivery relies on the use of web based applications which use a service distribution model defined by a sales team structure which is composed of a hierarchical reporting relationships fr amework. The structure has the national sales director at the top of the management hierarchy and line managers composed of regional sales managers, sales managers, and sales representatives at the lower levels. The managers are geographically distributed based on the business activities and characteristics of the market segments and the state the company’s operations are found. To ensure effective business service delivery, the company has a well-defined organizational structure which shows the roles and responsibilities of each member in the sales team which is composed of the national sales manager who devices and regulates the company’s national strategy, the regional sales manager who is responsible for defining and creating the job description of company employees, and the sales manager who drives the performance of the organization. To provide efficient service delivery to the customers, the sales representative of the company take that responsibility to ensure the services meet the needs of the customers, who are the most critical stakeholders of the company. Appropriate remunerations, commissions, bonuses, and incentives are provided to the each manager for motivational purposes Background of Austvending Austvending is a vending machine company that is mainly based in Australia and New Zealand. The corporation enjoys an experience of over 10 years having started its business in the year 1996. It’s main mission is to provide the best vending machine equipments, which help in establishing vending businesses (Monley 133).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company also provides supportive services that help vending businesses to be more profitable and efficient. It mainly targets people with the desire to have financial independence in terms of investment opportunities, and a stable income source. Austvending provides its cl ients with a personalized business structure that is best suited for that particular client. Its business model exists almost in all towns in Australia (Zoltners, Sinha Lorimer 2004, p.4). Each client can operate several machines, which are usually put in commercial businesses. The company usually performs a thorough research when deciding where to put the vending machines for the customers (Berry 60). This ensures that the clients get profits. They also ensure that the machines are located close to each other so that they become cost effective to operate. According to the company, the success of the business comes from great profits that are obtained as a result of the sales of stock from the machines. The company ensures that the income for its clients is secured by taking upon themselves the most difficult part of this business, which is ensuring there is a location agreement for each of the machine. The company states that its vending machine is one of highly money-making busin esses. This is because the business gives the clients large profit margins. The machines are also mechanically operated and are user friendly. Some of the vending packages that the company offers to its customers include electronic vending, which is used to sell products such as soft drinks, hot and cold beverages among other drinks.. Another vending packages from the company include novelty vending, which is used to dispense products such as pinball and other children’s fun products. Austvending innovative approach to business and its presence in many cities has made the company to be the best choice not only for entrepreneurs to get an extra source of capital, but also enables people to obtain various products easily. This aspect has also enabled the corporation to emerge as the top company in supplying the vending machines not only in the two countries where its business is based, but across the global market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Te am Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction This report will be focused on building a sales team structure that reflects appropriate staff numbers, their geographic location, their roles and remuneration packages, Web-Based Structure, and distribution model for Austvending company. The report will be started with sales team structure chart that shows the positions ,location, and roles of sale team member. This report will investigate current sales salaries in the vending machine industry and remuneration packages will be advised to be used for the sales team in Austvending company (Schwartz 2006, p.2). Sales team structure This is the chart for the sales team member, which starts with the national sales director of the company who is the head of the sales team members, following by the regional sales managers whom are located in each state of Australia. Following by the sales managers whom are responsible for guiding, c oaching, and disrupting the sales representatives. Distribution The distribution of the sales team members are depending on the size of the state and business activaties in the states. Therefore, the following timetable will show the number of sale team members that is needed in each state. State/positions Regional sales managers Sales managers sales representative Total New South Wales 1 1 11 13 Queensland 1 1 12 14 South Australia 1 1 5 7 The Northern Territory 1 1 5 7 Tasmania 1 1 5 7 Victoria 1 1 10 12 Western Australia 1 1 6 8 Total 7 7 54 68 The capital cities in each state, and where the central location of the company: Sydney (New South Wales) Brisbane (Queensland) Adelaide (South Australia) Darwin (the Northern Territory) Hobart (Tasmania) Melbourne (Victoria) Perth (Western Australia) The sales representatives will be sent in different areas in each state. So, they can reach more custom. The sales managers are in charge of organizing and selecting the suitable sales representatives for the target areas,Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The required number representatives of in each state are depending on the size, commercial building, and public institutions. The following timetable shows that the number and the area of sales representatives in different areas. Capital city/ targeted areas City area Northern suburbs Eastern suburbs Western suburbs Southern suburbs Sydney 3 2 2 2 2 Brisbane 2 1 1 1 1 Gold Costs 2 1 1 1 1 Adelaide 1 1 1 1 1 Darwin 1 1 1 1 1 Hobart 1 1 1 1 1 Melbourne 2 2 2 2 2 Perth 2 1 1 1 1 Total 14 10 10 10 10 Duties and responsibility of the sales National sales managers National sales manager devices and regulates national sales strategy of a company and collaborates with regional sales manager in meeting targeted revenues and expenses. Duties and responsibilities: Entail developing and reporting the performance of a budget, researching on marketing intelligence such as competitors and sales strategies. National sales manager handles major organizational deals and custo mers, collaborates with other managers in implementing national sales levels and overlooks the performance of sales and expenses thus offering guidance where appropriate. National sales manager oversees and reports on the performance of dealers and distributors, recruits, trains and encourages sales staff (Bose 445). Regional sales manager Regional sales manager plays a significant role in a job description by ensuring that the manner in which an organization creates a job description will attract qualified candidates to apply. Regional sales manager performs varying duties such as attaining objectives of regional sales human resource (Ingram 2012, p.3). Duties and responsibilities Meeting regional sales operation goals, which entail gathering information and recommendations for strategic plans Reviewing, maintain action plans, sustaining customer services, Regional sales manager should meet the objectives of regional sales financial. Creating sales objectives including formulatin g sales plan and quota to meet national plans. Retaining customer base, recommend best lines for products, implement best trade promotional strategies, keeps updating job knowledge and ensures fulfillment of both sales and organizational missions (Schwartz 1). Sales manager Sales manager is significant in the performance of an organization. This is because the manager has the powers of attaining sales target, which creates organizational revenue. Duties and responsibilities Planning and budgeting well to meet sales target of an organization. Implementing realistic and achievable targets for sales executives and sales representatives. For the sales manager to ensure good performance from sales team, he or she should delegate responsibilities depending on the interest of a salesperson. Sales managers generates strategies and techniques that can enhance achievement of sales target, identifies prospective customers and generate organizational leads. Motivating sales team, enhance team work among the group and introduce lucrative schemes. encouraging performers while help non-performers improve. Consequently, the sales manager makes significant decisions for the team, maintain and improving the relationship with clients, and maintain essential information for future reference (Zoltners, Prabhakant and Sally 213). Providing a training program for the sales representatives to have a good knowledge about the company’s machines. Recruiting, counseling, planning, appraising and coaching sales representatives   Sales representative The substantial aim of a sales representative is to ensure efficient services to customers by selling them products that meet their needs. Responsible and duties for sales representatives Maintaining applicable accounts, obtaining orders, regulate presentation of sales contents, concentration on sales efforts, submit requested orders, update management team, and support both professional and technical knowledge for the company (Mil ler 87). Visiting commercial buildings and government installations to get more customers for the company. Answering the inquiries that received from customers through the company’s website. Remuneration The remuneration packages of the company are based on fixed salaries and variable compensation consisting of commissions, incentives and bonus. The salaries are depending on the position of the sales team member in the company. Sales representative compensation is constructed using their quota and on target earnings (OTE). The OTE is a combination of base salary and variable compensation. The variable component is the commission that is earned through sales. Austvending uses an approximate 50/50 ratio between salary and OTE. Austvending Regional Sales Manager Remuneration Base Salary 100K On Target Earning 200K Variable Compensation: On Target Earning – Base Salary = 100K Quota: 1,000,000 Commission Rate: Variable/Quota = 10% Total Gross Pay = Total Sales x Commission Rate Commission The commissions are depending on the employees performance (Bose 2002, p.34). Once the sales representative has achieved their sales quota, they become eligible for accelerated commission rate. This is used to stop sales representatives saving deals for future years. After reaching 110% of their quota, the representative is eligible for an accelerated commission rate of 11%. After reaching 120% of their quota, the representative is eligible for an accelerated commission rate of 12% and son on. Quota Achieved Accelerated Commission Rate 110% 11% 120% 12% 130% 13% Bonus The bonus largely depends on the percentage of sales quota and whether the annual target has been reached. If the company meets its target quota the bonus will be paid to the sales team members. Bonuses for hitting targets are 120%. These are equivalent to a straight cash bonus of X dollars paid annually over the Christmas period. Incentives Incentives awarded to employees are grouped into 4 categories. These incentives are renumerated through cash bonuses. The ability to Win over the market share; Retain existing customers Expand product mix – DVD’s, kids toys, bathroom products, lottery tickets Growing contract length/ deal profitability Increasing sales through X opportunites Positions Base Salary Number of members Total National sales manager $AU200000 1 $AU200000 Regional sales managers $AU100000 7 $AU700000 Sales managers $AU70000 7 $AU490000 Exterior sales representative $AU35,000 54 $AU1890000 Total 69 $AU2650000 Web-Based Structure Method and System for facilitating Austvending’s Web-Based Structure via a centralized Web Structure. AustVending Web-Based Structure consists of a centralized Website (Austvending.com.au) which is includes information of the company. This is divided into pages of ‘The Vending Lifestyle’, ‘Austvending Business Model’, Vending Packages’, ‘Austvending in Y our Area’ and ‘Online Store’. These need to be maintained and updated to stores (Miller 2009, p.4). The Website provides a centralized navigation system. It provides a web-based application comprising: Team communication network (amongst staff) Purchase processing requests (food and drink products and $1 and $2 coin mechanisms). Tracking customer issues (e.g. shift of responsibility of making a first decision on a funding request from a first user to a second user) Funding requests Online enquiries (filling in customer details) Security (e.g. identifying a user requesting access via a password Distribution model Conclusion In conclusion, the Austvending vending machine company uses an effective distribution model using web based applications to take its services to customers by providing vendor machines for their business pursuits. The company enjoys a significant presence in the market because it possesses the expertise and experience gained for the ten years it has been in the market. The management of the company exploits opportunities by identifying changing customer needs, expectations, and behavior and aligning the provision of its services according to the changing needs, expectations, and behavior of the customers to sustain its position in the market and create large profits. Because company executives understand the value of the customer in contributing to the growth and sustainability of company profits, the management has modeled delivery of the company’s services to the customers based on well-defined organizational structure for assigning responsibilities to the top level manager and lower level line managers. Some of the clever tricks the company employs to win and lock in the customers, is by doing the most difficult tasks while the customer only does the easier tasks to make huge profits from the services offered by the company. Towards achieving that strategy, the company ensures that each manager is assigned rol es and responsibilities critical to the success of the operations of the company. The top level executive who is the national sales manager drives the company by formulating, devising, and regulating the company’s national strategy. The overall mission is to offer the best vending machine equipment for entrepreneurs wanting to start the vending business. References Bose, D C 2002, Principles of Management and Administration, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. Ingram, T N 2012, Sales Management: Analysis and Decision Making. Armonk, Sharpe, New York. Miller, W 2009, Proactive Sales Management: How to Lead, Motivate, and Stay  Ahead of the Game. Web. Schwartz, M 2006, Fundamentals of Sales Management for the Newly Appointed  Sales Manager. New York: AMACOM. Web. Zoltners, A A, Sinha, P Lorimer, S E 2004, Sales Force Designfor Strategic Advantage. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Web. This essay on Sales Team Structure was written and submitted by user Bowen P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Better quality foods Essays

Better quality foods Essays Better quality foods Essay Better quality foods Essay Abstraction: Nanotechnology is one hereafter scientific discipline which is considered fruitful to about every industry. It has lead to new merchandise find with cheaper cost and has been more efficient, hence consumers get better value for their money. In the last few old ages Nanotechnology has been used in nutrient industries to bring forth better quality nutrients and in the recent old ages it has taken a large spring which is more complex and advanced to make Smart nutrients, Alteration of DNA in the seeds to bring forth better harvest, Food munition, Smart packing etc to take nutrient industry to a better place than earlier. Apart from its advantages, it has besides been reviewed by assorted critics that usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient materials is non safe for the consumers, but some consider it to be the following coevals nutrient safety tool. To understand what impact and effects would Nanotechnology hold in Food industry, the cardinal facet would be briefing of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, appraisal of Potential deductions in utilizing Nanotechnology in nutrient and looking at the assorted statute laws linked to it. My work is to analyse this state of affairs and compare some of the diaries and research documents holding positive or negative points against usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient industry. I would besides affect few instance surveies which will assist explicate the scenario better giving a more precise reappraisal on this argument. Chapter 2 Literature reappraisal Introduction to Food safety: Food and H2O are the basicss of a human being. Every portion of the universe has its ain characterized nutrient with distinguishable gustatory sensations. But there is merely one major concern in common which people from all over the Earth have in common, Safety. Food safety has now been considered the foremost and really of import portion in all of the nutrient industries around the Earth. Many different and assortment of techniques have been developed upon to assist nutrient safety go to a higher degree, while many of them turned out to be failures. Scientists now have discovered a particular, dependable, existent clip, and most significantly more economic technique to look into the safety of the nutrients in production. This is by agencies of engineering called Nanotechnology. Every life being is a corporate affair of nanoscale objects in signifier of atoms and molecules. Nanoparticles are those which have a size of one ten percent of human hair i.e. atoms runing within 1 to 100 n anometers. Nanotechnology is classified into two in footings of the size of the atoms, Fine particles which has a size scope of 100 2500 nanometer and Ultrafine atoms which is from 1 100 nanometer. It is rather absorbing how the size, Numberss, location, concentration and few other factors of the nanoscale atoms control the whole system. Most protein and polysaccharide have nanoscale sizes but these are of course happening nanoparticles ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . It is scientifically shown that if a larger atom is broken down unnaturally into nanoscale size, the natural belongingss of the atom is lost and the atom behaves as a toxic component. Hence when nanotechnology is used in any application particularly when affecting it in the nutrient system or nutrient concatenation ; it is to be taken into consideration that the hazard affecting is far-reaching and terrible. Normally nutrient safety is considered to be the most hard and expensive portion for the Food Industries as the machineries and the equipment needed for them is really expensive with moderate dependability and high cost of care. Hence most of the little graduated table nutrient industries tend to extinguish the nutrient safety instruments and normally have merely ocular review of the nutrients which is non reliable. And for the inexpensive pricing from these industries, people ( Consumers ) buy the nutrients and devour them and have high hazard of acquiring diseased. But now as engineering has improved, there is a new manner to hold the safety of nutrients in control and that is non with expensive machineries but merely with simple techniques with Nanotechnology. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) have recognized a demand for scientific advice on any nutrient safety deductions that arise from the use of Nanote chnology techniques in the nutrient and agribusiness sectors through its skyline scanning activities. All nutrient Industries operate in a complex proficient and commercial environment and to be successful each nutrient concern should posses the cognition and accomplishment to look into them at the lead or at least be in the competition. And one of the best ways to acquire the repute is to acquire good ranked among the clients. And to make that the merchandise they deliver should be of high quality and which is all about the nutrient safety. Food safety has become one of the most of import sections in a nutrient industry and even consumers buy nutrients which are safer, instead than the gustatory sensation. Hence a big importance in the Industry should be directed towards the safety for the nutrient. In olden times the nutrient was tested for their safety by a method called End merchandise testing, which involves a sampling of the merchandise and so proving it. But it was non to the full fulfilling as safety was dependent on the trying entirely. In 1960s The Pillsbury Company along w ith the National Aeronautical and Space Administration ( NASA ) and the USA Army laboratories formed a construct called the HACCP. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control point System. It was based on failure, manner and consequence analysis, which looks on the procedure and place the things could perchance travel incorrect and put consequence to rectify it. As a consequence there would be safe manner of bring forthing nutrients. This was in fact developed for the Astronauts to guarantee safe nutrients and minimise the hazard of nutrient poisoning eruption in infinite. Hazards, as called in nutrient industries are explained as agent which has a inclination to do inauspicious wellness effects to the consumer. They are of three types which are Physical, Chemical and Biological. Physical jeopardy is when the nutrient contains unwanted physical presence of agents like spots of knife, nails, piece of paper etc at any phase of the nutrient procedure rhythm from natural stuffs to the packaging. A good illustration for this would be the presence of a nut which has fallen off in the nutrient merchandise from the machinery which it processes and non good maintained. These may even do serious harm to the consumer. The ground for this could be hapless care of the machineries and instruments used or staffs non trained decently on safety steps. The Chemical jeopardy is explained as an unwanted alteration in the nutrient merchandises chemically. Here for illustration pasteurisation of milk is to extinguish the hazards of the micro organisms nowadays in the natura l milk, if the milk is non pasteurized so there is a chemical jeopardy. These are normally caused by improper accommodation of the temperature, Ph etc. Biological jeopardy is the hazard of doing wellness effects to the consumer through the infective micro being nowadays in nutrients and are considered to be one of the chief dangers. Infective micro-organisms exert their consequence straight through turning in or polluting nutrient merchandises and being ingested ( Food borne infection ) or doing nutrient toxic condition. In both instances the unwellness possibly serious, even fatal. Good illustration for this is the Bacillus Cereus which forms heat immune spores that can merely be eliminated by terrible heat intervention. Food Intoxication is caused by the exposure of nutrient materials to the micro-organisms or toxins produced by them. Cases of poisoning could be either Bacterial poisoning or Non Bacterial poisoning. The former occurs when micro beings like bacteria or their ain toxin gets absorbed with the nutrient which on devouring causes nutrient Intoxication. The ulterior type is caused by harmful chemicals like fertilisers, insect powders etc. A few other types of Bacterial poisonings are Salmonella nutrient poisoning, Botulism, Staphylococcal nutrient poisoning, Clostridium nutrient poisoning and Bacillus Cereuss. Salmonella nutrient poisoning This is caused by signifiers of Salmonella bacteria viz. Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella cholera suits, and Gartner s B. These are normally found in milk, milk merchandises and eggs. The symptoms of this poisoning are Diarrhoea, illness, etc. Botulism This is one of the rare but serious instances of poisoning caused by Botulinum toxin which is produced by bacteria Clostridium botulinus. The symptom starts from palsy taking to respiratory failure. Antitoxins have proven really successful in handling the status. This type of poisoning is non contagious and does non distribute through individual to individual contact ( NHS, 2008 ) . Staphylococcal nutrient Poisoning This is caused by the consumption of nutrient merchandise incorporating Staphylococcal Enterotoxin. The symptoms are violent onset with terrible sickness, spasms, purging and collapse. It is accompanied by lower blood force per unit area and diarrhea. Cases of decease are rare but hospitalization is needed ( Manitoba heath, Nov 2001 ) . Legislations affecting Food safety: In the Europe, the European Union ( EU ) makes statute laws and many of which are compulsory for the member provinces and hence incorporated into each single states national statute law. As a big administration it helps in taking barriers to merchandise between member provinces and into which single member provinces merely have a minimum influence and the consequence being a related non biased one size tantrums all system ( Wikipedia ) . The EU nutrient scheme has three chief classs which are statute law on the safety of the nutrient and animate being provender ; sound scientific advice on which to establish determinations ; and enforcement and control. The statute law is covers a big country from carnal provender boulder clay widening to nutrient hygiene. This is applied all across Europe in high criterions. The general regulations for all nutrient and provender are given with particular step where client satisfaction is justified as in usage in addendums, nutrient addendums, colo rings, pesticides or endocrines. The regulation is besides applied to stuffs that get in contact with nutrient like plastic wadding. The standard EU labelling will guarantee if the merchandise has an allergic ingredient and to cognize the footings like high fibers or low fat and what they mean ( European communities, 2009 ) . In United Kingdom the nutrient criterion bureau is the organic structure responsible for the safety policy and statute law. They enforce these statute laws with the aid of Food governments which are the local governments, imports, port wellness governments. The control of nutrient is governed by condemnable jurisprudence with the chief primary statute law in signifier of Food safety act of 1990. There is a group of subsidiaries which implement European Union ordinances, Contaminants bound, restricting usage of additives, labelling demand, and other nutrient quality related and genuineness. The nutrient governments inspect the premiss supplemented by trying of nutrient and they analyse it by public analysts and nutrient testers. Introduction to Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is defined as the survey and usage of constructions between 1 nanometre and 100 nanometres in size Devicess with minimal characteristic sizes less than 100 nanometres ( nanometer ) are considered to be merchandises of nanotechnology ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . A nanometre is one billionth of a metre ( 10-9 m ) and is the unit of length that is by and large most appropriate for depicting the size of individual molecules ( University Malaysia Perlis, 2005 ) . The Nano-scale Markss the cloudy boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical universes ; therefore, realisation of nanotechnology promises to convey radical capablenesss. Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of affair at dimensions of approximately 1 to 100 nanometres, where alone phenomena enable novel applications. Embracing Nano-scale scientific discipline, technology and engineering, nanotechnology involves imaging ; measurement, patterning and pull stringsing affair at this length graduated table ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . Nanotechnology is non one engineering, but many. The UK Royal society and Royal academy of Engineering entitled its 2004 study Nano-science and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainnesss to stress the scope of engineerings in drama. It defines Nano-science as the The survey of phenomena and use of stuffs at atomic, molecular and macromolecular graduated tables, where belongingss differ significantly from those at a larger graduated table ( The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004 ) . Most of the states are presently researching Nanotechnology on assorted Fieldss like Pharmaceutical Industries, Petroleum Industries, Electronic Industries, and Automobile Industry etc. In 2001, Japan spent US $ 400m researching on this country and US $ 960m in 2004. In USA, $ 750m was funded for Nanotechnology in 2003 and from 2005-2008 about $ 3.7bn was spent. In Europe, support for the Research an d development is around ˆ1bn. between the old ages 2003-2009, In UK the DTI enterprise on Nanotechnology offered A ; lb ; 45m to back up applications used in commercial countries ( Antje grobe et Al, 2008 ) . Nanomaterials have different types of classification to be applied in nutrient industry. It can be classified as: Nanoparticles Nanofibres Nanoemulsions, and Nanoclays. Nanoparticles can be divided into two on the footing on their behavior as Organic and Inorganic. Nano-particles are used in encapsulation systems as they have the ability to transport ingredients. Some of the illustrations are micelles, liposomes, for bringing of nutrient ingredient, biosensor and disinfectants. Inorganic nano-particles Some of these inorganic nanoparticles have been approved to be used in the nutrient industry. Such as Titanium dioxide, which is a nutrient colorant is used as UV protection barrier in nutrient packaging. This happens when Ti dioxide is used in nano signifier ; it besides loses its ability as a nutrient colorant as it becomes crystalline as a Nanoparticle. The usage of nanoparticles of Ag is the most normally used application as an antimicrobic agent which is used in electric refrigerator panels, storage boxes, surfaces which come in contact with nutrient stuffs in nutrient industry therefore increasing safety of the nutrient ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Organic nano-particles These are referred to as nanocapsules sometimes as it is used as vehicle for alimentary compounds or Pharmaceutical molecules. These aid present the foods without impacting the gustatory sensation or visual aspect. These encapsulate the atoms which are needed to be delivered and they pass through the GI piece of land and so into the blood stream. This enables to increase their bioavailability ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nano-emulsions These are emulsions which have no difference to normal emulsion except for their stable thermo dynamical belongings. Due to their little size they can be diluted in H2O without altering the droplet size distribution. Some of their applications are bringing of active compounds in the organic structure, stabilisation of biological active ingredients, extension of shelf life due to increase in stableness and increased viscousness at lower concentrations of oil stage ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nanometrology Without dependable methods of measuring, it is impossible to find human or carnal exposure via nutrient or provender. Of specific importance therefore in relation to the nutrient and provender sector and to any possible regulative model is the finding of the physiochemical belongingss of nanoparticles and their measuring in nutrient. Such belongingss include: Atom size Particle distribution Surface country Surface charge and topography Composition and pureness Hydrophobicity and solubility Chemical responsiveness and bioactivity Dispersion/aggregation province. Particularly of import among these belongingss are particle size and distribution, surface country and collection province. Normally, nanoparticle samples contain a scope of atoms, both larger and smaller than the mean or average value, which is frequently the figure really quoted as the atom size. As the atom size lessenings, more molecules are present at the surface giving rise to a larger surface to volume ratio or larger surface country for chemical interaction ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Word picture of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrixs In sing the word picture of nanoparticles in a biological environment, both the consequence of this environment on the nanoparticles and conversely, the consequence of the nanoparticles on the environment must be explored. Engineered nanoparticles, with their really big surface countries, adsorb bio molecules to their surface instantly upon contact with natural substances to organize a bio molecule aureole ( Lynch, 2006 ; Lynch, 2007 ) . These bio molecules include proteins, lipoids and sugars, and it is these adsorbed bio molecules that confer the biological individuality of the nanoparticles, and find how they interact with life systems. Many of the biophysical and biological techniques available to find protein conformation and activity can be applied to the word picture of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Lynch, 2006 ) . A list of techniques presently being used many of which could be applied to/by the Agri-food sector. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to the s urface of engineered nanoparticles can impact their stableness and scattering, and it is of import to besides characterize the scattering belongingss of nanoparticles in the relevant biological environment, e.g. in nutrient. Many of the techniques listed in Appendix II can be applied to the word picture of the scattering stableness of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . An extra facet of the surface assimilation of bio molecules to the surface of nanoparticles is the consequence on the conformation of proteins such as enzymes, and besides on their map, stableness, activity and collection province, among other belongingss. There are a figure of illustrations of enhanced enzyme stableness and map following surface assimilation to nanoparticles, for illustration, the life-time of the enzymes Trypsin and Peroxidase was shown to increase dramatically, from a few hours to hebdomads, by attaching them to magnetic Fe nanoparticles ( Sharma, 2007 ) . This ability to heighten protein stableness by interfacing them with nanomaterials may impact legion biological procedures such as digestion, metamorphosis and alimentary consumption. Measurements of enzymatic activity in the presence of nanoparticles should be studied as a precedence ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Measurement of Nanoparticles in Food and other Biological Matrixs The predating paragraphs have shown that a broad scope of physical and chemical techniques are available to characterize nanoparticles, both in the as-synthesised signifier and as nanoparticle bio molecule composites such as would happen in nutrient matrices and upon consumption. While these techniques may be applied to transport out measurings of nanoparticles in the pure signifier, the measuring and quantitation of nanoparticles in nutrient, biological tissues and other biological matrices nowadayss considerable challenges, since suited equipment and measuring schemes are non yet available ( SCENHIR, 2006, 2007 ) . Many nutrient merchandises besides contain considerable sums of of course happening nanoparticles, such as proteins, silicon oxide or hints of Ti dioxide, which makes sensing of added nanoparticles hard, as it regulations out techniques such as elemental function where there are already important background degrees. Techniques such as elemental function can merely be app lied to nanoparticles such as gold and Ag, which are non of course present in nutrients or nutrient packaging stuffs. Measurement of atom mass of nanoparticles in the pristine signifier ( as synthesised ) , is comparatively straightforward, while measuring of the surface country of a given mass of nanoparticles is more hard, as many of the current techniques do non separate to the full between porousness and surface country, e.g. nitrogen surface assimilation. An extra complication is, as already discussed, the really ready collection of nanoparticles that occurs in biological media, ensuing in larger atoms, or even a gradual addition with size as a map of clip. Such collection makes it about impossible to mensurate either atom figure or surface country in biological matrices. These proficient troubles in the measuring of nanoparticles make it correspondingly hard to mensurate the existent exposure in in vitro and in vivo toxicological surveies or in open worlds for hazard appraisal intents ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Problems Associated with Measurement and Characterisation of Nanoparticles The word picture of nanoparticles requires considerable attention and there are many troubles and uncertainnesss, in peculiar with regard to particle collection, size, pureness, and batch fluctuations. The word picture is farther complicated by the incorporation of nanoparticles into biological matrices. This alters their belongingss and requires farther word picture beyond that of the pristine nanoparticle. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to nanoparticle surfaces may hold peculiar effects for nanoparticles in nutrient. For illustration, absorbed enzymes may hold enhanced or reduced activity, ensuing in altered efficiency of digestion and altered nutritionary value of nutrients. It is peculiarly of import to separate between nanoparticles and nanoparticulate sums. Nanoparticles that have been dried during the synthesis procedure are typically irreversibly aggregated, and as such have dimensions on the micrometer graduated table. If the nanoparticles remain in suspension, up on contact with biological fluids, their surface belongingss may be altered by surface assimilation of proteins and other bio molecules, ensuing in altered stableness and collection. Nanoparticles need to be characterised under the conditions in which they will be utilised. While many methods exist to characterize as-synthesised nanoparticles, such as negatron microscopy and dispersing methods, new methodological analysiss are required desperately to characterize nanoparticles in situ in nutrient matrices and nutrient contact stuffs. At present, it is non possible to separate between background degrees of nanoparticles and intentionally added nanoparticles such as silicon oxide dioxide and Ti dioxide. Nevertheless, the nanometrology country is quickly developing, with a conjunct attempt to develop criterions and standard processs for the word picture of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based systems ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Chapter 3 Nanotechnology from farm to fork The term nanofood describes nutrient which has been cultivated, produced, processed or packaged utilizing nanotechnology techniques or tools, or to which manufactured nanomaterials have been added ( Joseph and Morrison, 2006 ) . So far we have been discoursing about Food safety its importance, Nanotechnology, its aid to nutrient industry and besides came across few instance surveies along with its working. To assist give a clear cut thought about the pros and cons in application of Nanotechnology in nutrients, it is necessary to travel through the farm to fork and this is the portion where we introduce nanotechnology into the nutrient concatenation. The four key countries in nutrient and agricultural industry where Nanotechnology is used on nutrients are: Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders. Alteration of nutrients. Smart nutrient . Smart boxing . Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders Nanotechnology combined with familial technology helped agriculture move to a whole new gait which is called as Atomic technology. Atomic technology allows changing or rearranging the Deoxyribonucleic acid of seeds and bring forthing different works belongingss like growing season, coloring material, plague resistant, etc. This widely helps the agricultural workers to bring forth better harvest without worrying about the season or any physical factors that influences growing of the works. The atomic technology besides helps in bring forthing extremely powerful fertilisers and provenders which will slake the thirst of different farms which are of course lacking in minerals which promotes works growing. Alteration of nutrients Certain companies are working on to make bastioned processed nutrients with nano-encapsulation for foods bringing. Taste developers by nano-developed colorss, adjusting of fat and sugar degrees and besides improved mouth feel . This system is besides believed to assist nutritionary claims to a certain degree. For illustration the inclusion of medically good nano-capsules will shortly enable cocoa bit cookies to be marketed as wellness promoting or arteria cleaning. Nanotechnology will besides enable debris nutrients to cut down the sum of sugar or fat content. This could either be done by replacing the fats and sugars with other substance or forestall the organic structure absorbing them ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart nutrient Nanotechnology is now used in planing smart nutrients by some extremely graded companies like Kraft and Nestle. These techniques will enable the consumer to personalise their nutrient by altering its coloring material, spirit or foods on demand. Kraft is developing a clear tasteless drink that contains 100s of spirits with the aid of nano encapsulation. A domestic microwave can trip release of the coloring material, spirit, concentration and texture of the person s pick. Smart nutrients can besides feel any nutrient ingredients which could be allergic to the person and so it blocks them. These nutrients besides contain an extra dosage of foods which identifies any particular dietetic demands for the person. For illustration, Ca molecules for people who suffer from osteoporosis ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart packing is another find utilizing nanotechnology that will increase nutrient shelf life. Mars Inc. has obtained a patent on unseeable comestible nano negligee which will envelop the nutrient thereby forestalling gas and wet exchange. New developments are being researched in this country like detectors that could place nutrient spoilage and nano anti bugs that could widen shelf life. Besides this system can be used in tracking down nutrients materials by puting nano detectors which are unseeable to human oculus within them and this would besides move as electronic saloon codification so the nutrient could be tracked from the farm to mill to supermarket and beyond. Nanotechnology in Food packaging There are many types of packaging used with the aid of Nanotechnology. A thin movie called Durethan is produced by Chemical elephantine aspirin incorporating Nanoparticles of clay. This thin movie is tough, light and heat resistant. This movie can move as a roadblock for the O and C dioxide to the fresh meat or other nutrient merchandises ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Another interesting research is done by research workers from Netherland and it is an intelligent packaging in which the bundle releases preservatives when a nutrient within is about to botch ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Bio-nanocomposites are intercrossed nano-structured stuffs with improved mechanical, thermic and gas barrier belongingss. The usage of bio-nanocomposites for nutrient packaging non merely protects the nutrient and increases its shelf life but besides be considered a more environmentally plastics as packaging stuffs. Most of the traditional packaging stuffs are made from non-degradable stuffs, which increas e environment pollution in add-on to devouring fossil fuels for their production. However, current alternate biodegradable movies exhibit hapless barrier and mechanical belongingss and these belongingss need to be improved well before they could replace traditional plastics and therefore assist to pull off the universe s waste job. Biodegradability of a packaging stuff can be enhanced with the debut of inorganic atoms, such as clay, into the biopolymeric matrix and can besides be controlled with wetting agents that are used for the alteration of superimposed silicate. The used of inorganic atoms besides makes it possible to present multiple functionalities, which might assist to better the bringing of delicate micronutrients within comestible capsules ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Another attack to better the belongingss of biodegradable movies is the usage of intercrossed organic-inorganic systems and, in peculiar, those incorporating superimposed silicates. Hybrid complexs, such as superimposed silicates embedded in a polymeric matrix, better stableness and their biodegradability can be all right tuned by changing the sum of dissolvers used, which might further spread out the possible utilizations of comestible and biodegradable movies ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Zein, a prolamin and the major constituent of maize protein, has been an of import in scientific discipline and industry owing to its alone belongingss and molecular construction. By fade outing zein, either in ethyl alcohol or in propanone, biodegradable zein movies with good tensile and H2O barrier belongingss can be obtained. Nanotechnology attacks are expected in to give new applications for zein in forte nutrients and in the biodegradable plastics industry. Zein can organize a net consisting of c annular constructions, which can be microbiologically immune and inert, for illustration, after intervention with methanal. However, zein nanobeads or nanoparticles can be used as comestible bearers for flavour compounds or for encapsulation of nutraceuticals, every bit good as to better the strength of plastic and bioactive nutrient bundles. Controling the uniformity and organisation of zein movies at the nanolevel are important in footings of mechanical and tensile belongingss. In an effort to command the surface morphology of zein movies, Shi et Al. tested different dissolvers and found that movies generated in acetic acid were smoother and structurally more homogeneous than movies obtained from ethyl alcohol as a dissolver ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . One possibility to increase the barrier belongingss of zein polymer is intervention with stable silicate composites like montmorillonite, hectorite and saponite. These thrombocyte like structured silicate composites disperse in polymer matrixes and are hence able to better their strength, stiffness and H2O and gas permeableness even at low degrees of 1-5 vol % . Silicates consist of crystalline beds with 1nm in thickness and a diameter scope of 30-2000 nanometers. The silicate beds in nanocomposites are able to command the diffusion rate through their agonizing tract. They can aggregate within the matrix in three different signifiers, as phase-separated, intercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites. Exfoliated nanocomposites have the greatest ability to better the tensile strength of the movie in which they are incorporated. Nanoscale fillers normally consist of nanofibers, nano-whiskers or nanotubes but can besides be made out of solid-layered silicate constructi

Market Model Patterns of Change Instructions Essay

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Heart Rate Changes In Different Genders Physical Education Essay This report sets out research based on prior experience and literature carrying out the study of relations between exercise and respiration eventually resulting in variation in pulse rate. In essence the research proposal seeks to understand more about the effect and cause relationship to come out with precise results. The report details the methodological issues connected with the research and it explores the choices and assumptions necessary in planning the research. The aim of the study was to see the effect of age and gender on pulse rate variation in response to exercise. For this investigation we made sure the practical is safe because we would not do things that would affect people and also we would not be dangerous to others. We needed to use pulse-meter to check pulse rate down every finding. In our research it was expected that the pulse rate would increase during the time of exercise and also the breathing rate would be faster than normal and that gender and age would affe ct the pulse rate of people. The weights (dumbles) were given to the subjects to use for five minute and one of us assisted them to make sure they used the weights properly. The pulse rate was noted down before the experiment with the help of pulse meter and was recorded again after carrying out the five minute round of exercise with the weights. The ages and gender were also noted. The results of the experiment proved that the pulse rate increased by a substantial amount after the exercise had been completed and that females had a higher pulse rate than men. Moreover, it was seen that age mens ages increase, their pulse rate increases and there was no correlation between females ages and their pulse rates. This experiment tests the effects of age, gender and exercise on pulse  rate. Pulse rate represents the beating of the heart, specifically the  ejection of blood from the left ventricle to the general circulation of the body.  Before the start of exercise, your pre-exercise heart rate usually  rises  above normal, and this is called an anticipatory response. During  exercise, respiration increases based on the amount of activity being  done. When exercise is being completed, there is an increased demand  for gas exchange, due to the circulatory system being under continuous  stress. Oxygen consumption increases rapidly, as well as carbon dioxide  production.  Regular exercise also produces changes in circulation. The blood flow  to working muscles increase, and this means that more oxygen and  energy can be delivered to the muscle cells. Blood volume and the  number of red blood cells also increase with this large flow, and  oxygen  levels rise conside rably.  In our experiment we have decided to test a type of exercise;  use of weight (dumbles). This will affect various parts of the body and is designed  to  build up stamina and keep a regular heart beat. Objective This experiment aims to discover how exercise can  affect the pulse rate of any given individual by testing their pulse  rate after different amounts of exercise and how gender and age affects the pulse rate. Literature Review Research has shown that the pulse rate of men is slower than the pulse rate for women. Different researches have been conducted on the effect of exercise on the health of human being. The studies were intended to examine the influence of exercise on pulse rate, heart rate and fitness of people. Experts from cardiac health suggest that the best way to keep hearts healthy is a balanced diet, avoiding smoking, and regular exercise. Exercise that is good for your heart elevates your heart rate. The American Heart Association recommends to do exercise that increases your heart rate to between 50 and 75% of your maximum heart rate. They recommend getting at least 30  minutes of exercise on most days of the week (AHA, 2006). The American Heart Association also suggests that pulse rate for woman is considered normal if it is between 70-80 beats per minute. However, pulse rate may be affected by variables such as age, sex, physical fitness, some drugs/medication, genetics and anxiety. A study of (WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise) revealed that your pulse changes from minute to minute. It will be faster when you exercise, have fever or when you are under stress. It will be slower when you are taking rest. The institute also did an experiment to see the pulse rate difference in males and females. The results of the experiment were that the pulse rate of the females was in fact higher than the male pulse rate by six beats.   The overall female average was 85 beats per minute and the overall for males was 79 beats per minute. Scott Roberts, Ph.D., FACSM, FAACVPR, is an assistant professor in the Department of Physical Education and Exercise Physiology at California State University, Chico. His primary area of expertise is Clinical Exercise Physiology. He has authored and co-authored 10 fitness and exercise science books and over a hundred articles and chapters in books. His studies tell that women have a higher Heart Rate response than men. This response compensates for the lower stroke volumes women have compared to men. The average amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute is referred to as cardiac output. Another research by the American Journal of hypertension concluded that there was no influence of the exercise on pulse rate, blood pressure level and rates of hypertension of the elderly population of ages 50 and above. But the research showed that regular exercise can develop better health and fitness in the younger population. According to (Silverstein, Alvin Dr., et al, The Circulatory System Canada; Fitzhenrey and Whiteside Ltd.  1994), age also affects the pulse rate.   The usual pulse rate for a baby embryo is 150 b.p.m. (beats per minute).The average pulse rate of an infant140 b.p.m and 90 b.p.m in seven years old.   A man from 30-40 years old usually has a pulse rate of approximately 72 b.p.m; this differs from 76-80 b.p.m for a woman of the same age.   Elderly people have the lowest of the other age groups, which is around 50-65 b.p.m.   Women usually have higher pulse rates than men.   Another difference among pulse rates is physical activity. Exercising, such as playing sports, speed your pulse rate up and almost double the speed of your heart.   A study from Brigham and Womens Hospital also conveys the message that the human health can be judged by four vital signs which are Pulse rate, Body temperature, Respiration rate and the Blood pressure. All of these signs can be controlled and regulated by doing regular exercise. Like all other researches Texas Heart Institute also came up with a thought that exercise can help your body in many ways. Aside from helping you to keep a healthy body weight, exercise increases your mobility, protects against bone loss, reduces your stress levels and pulse rates, and helps you feel better about yourself. And research has shown that people who exercise are less likely to develop heart disease, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels. People of any age or fitness level can benefit from some type of exercise, be it running, walking, ballroom dancing, water aerobics, gardening, or any activity you choose. A study from NEMA (National Emergency Medicine Association) shows that many athletes have pulse rates in the 40 60 range depending on how fit they are. In general a lower pulse rate is good and exercise programs helps doing so. In addition to that declines will be seen in resting heart rate, blood pressure, and stress levels as well. Overall body changes will also be experienced including weight loss and increase of lean body mass. Hypothesis Development Null Hypothesis H0 = There is no relationship between the age, gender and pulse rate. HO: p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 Alternative Hypothesis HA = There is a relationship between the age, gender and pulse rate. HA: p = 0 Theoretical Framework The dependent variable here is the pulse rate which changes when exercise is carried out. So, exercise, gender and age are the independent variables which can be manipulated to determine the change in pulse rate. Some intervening variable also interrupt the independent variable and create a discrepancy in the results. Identification of Variables Independent Exercise Age Gender Dependent Pulse Rate Intervening variables Such as illness, faulty tools etc. DIAGRAM Dependent Variable Independent Variables Age Gender Exercise Pulse Rate Intervening Variables illness, faulty tools Methodology Nature Of study the nature of the study is hypothesis testing. Data Collection The data for our research was obtained through experiment and some secondary sources of information, which included internet articles, journals and books. Population Our target population consisted of males and females living in Lahore. Sample The sample comprises of 1070 people, half males and half females. Instruments The instruments used were two dumbles weighing 5 kg each, a stopwatch and a pulse meter. Procedure: The methodology was based on field Experiment research. 1070 people (half males and half females) were approached in different parks and market areas of Lahore. Convenience sampling was used i.e(willing people were chosen to be a part of the experiment). Their pulse rates were recorded before exercise. They were each asked to use lift two weights of 5 kg each for five minutes. Their pulse rate after the exercise was then recorded using the pulse meter. Their age and gender was recorded. The results were then recorded in SPSS and conclusions were drawn based on the collected results. Reliability The reliability of the instruments was ensured through test-retest method. For test-retest reliability method five males from the sample were chosen. Their pulse rate before exercise was recorded twice after a time interval of two minutes. The results obtained in both the attempts co-related to a high degree (Co-efficient=0.87). Validity The content validity is ensured since the pulse meter is measuring the pulse of a person per minute. Results The results of the experiment are as follows: Descriptives: The results show that the mean values of pulse rate in males are lower than the mean values of the pulse rate in females. This shows that females have a higher pulse rate than men. The results also prove that the pulse rate increases after exercise, as the means of the pulse rates before exercise are lower than the means of the pulse rates after exercise. N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Without Exercise male 1070 55 105 85.09 10.227 With Exercise male 1070 82 144 116.03 13.118 Valid N (listwise) 1070 N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation With Exercise Female 535 96 144 120.41 10.060 Without Exercise Female 535 70 105 92.19 6.373 Valid N (listwise) 535 Correlation: The table below shows a weak positive correlation between age of males and their pulse rate without exercise. This means that as the ages of males increase, their pulse rate increases. The value is significant. Age Without Exercise pulse Age male Pearson Correlation 1 .270(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 535 535 Without Exercise pulse males Pearson Correlation .270(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 535 535 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The table below shows that there is almost no correlation between the age of females and their pulse rate without exercise. This means that the two variables are not related. Age Female Without Exercise pulse Age Female Pearson Correlation 1 .043 Sig. (2-tailed) .317 N 535 535 Without Exercise pulse female Pearson Correlation .043 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .317 N 535 535 Graphical representation of results Discussion We are of the view that when the body is exercising the muscles respire to  produce energy, so the muscles can contract. Oxygen is needed for this  process; the oxygen is carried in the hemoglobin of the red blood  cell. The heart and lungs need to work harder in order to get a  greater amount of oxygen to the muscles for respiration. In muscle cells digested food substances are oxidized to release energy. These  oxidation reactions are called cellular respiration. When muscles use  oxygen in order to respire the process is called aerobic respiration:  The heart rate rises because during exercise, cell respiration in the  muscles increases, so the level of carbon dioxide in the blood rises.  Carbon dioxide is slightly acid; the brain detects the rising acidity  in the blood, the brain then sends a signal through the nervous system  to the lungs to breathe faster and deeper. Gaseous exchange in the  lungs increases allowing more oxygen into the circulatory syst em and removing more carbon dioxide. The brain then sends a signal to the  senatorial node to make the heart beat faster. As a result the heart  rate would rise.  The length of exercise is  increased; the number of beats per minute will rise. The number of  beats per minute rises steadily because the amount of exercise is gradually increased. The heart reacts to this by increasing the number  of times per minute that it beats so that the muscles have enough  oxygen and glucose to work with the greater amount of exercise. In a trial the body temperature of the  exerciser will rise. The heat of the body will increase the heart  rate which will adversely affect our results, making them less  accurate and reliable. We cannot control if the body heats up during  exercise, only to the extent of using a fan to cool the epidermis of  the skin which would lower the temperature of the blood, thus reducing  the bodys core temperature. This would then keep the heart ra te at a  more natural level when a sample will be exercising. The intervening variables which may act at the point of time and are hard to calculate may affect the findings but we are trying to minimize the chance of error by taking measures. Although exercise increases pulse rate, age and gender definitely have an impact on it also. We saw that as age in men increases, their pulse rate also increases, whereas in females, there is no correlation between the age and pulse rates. Moreover, the mean values of pulse rates for females are higher than the mean values of pulse rates for men. Acknowledgements Our debt to people who have supported us in this whole project is enormous. We highly appreciate their complete support, interest, patience and lucid explanations. We highly appreciate the coordination of individuals most of whom we didnt know who cooperated and showed their consent to complete our research. We are really thankful to Mr. Humair Hashmi who taught and led us to the path of attaining a successful Research. References http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B7CVK-4HCDTJ6-3_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=c933d0d1170fe63eac5d49a773503097 www.coursework.info//Investigation_to_see_the_effect_of_exerc_L47472.html wiki.answers.com//Why_is_the_pulse_rate_high_after_exercise   www.studentcentral.co.uk//Investigation_to_see_the_effect_of_exerc_L100012.html http://www.cheathouse.com/essay/essay_view.php?p_essay_id=91613 www.jstor.org/stable/80790   http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/science/sci5a/sci5aq7?view=get http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1fid=793376jid=ECPvolumeId=2issueId=04aid=793364 www.tki.org.nz/r/science/science/isact_pulse_rates_e.php   http://www.molecularstation.com/research/effect-of-exercise-and-massage-on-the-pulse-rate-arterial-pressure-and-electrocardiogram-in-patients-during-cardiological-rehabilitation-after-myocardial-infarction-5767998.html http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=121764 lose-5-pounds.homeunix.net/effect-of-exercise-on-pulse-rate-pulse-rate.htm ccgi.dcpmicro.plus.com//files/pdf//exercise%20pulse%20rate.pdf   www.patentstorm.us/patents/RE40401.html www.sd67.bc.ca/schools/salc/biology%2012//bplab.pdf   www.umm.edu//what_effects_does_exercise_have_on_other_conditions_000029_8.htm www.deniseallen.org/images/lecture/module3/bplab001.pdf www.8starshop.com//exercise-stop-watch-calorie-heart-pulse-rate-counter.html jp.physoc.org/content/76/1/39.full.pdf http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Exercise-Stop-Watch-Calorie-Heart-Pulse-Rate-Counter_W0QQitemZ250512726867QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxq20091012?IMSfp=TL091012157003r8163 AHA, 2006. Target Heart Rates, American Heart Association [accessed June 20, 2006 http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4736. WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/pulse-measurement American Journal of Hypertension http://www.nature.com/ajh/journal/v18/n4s/abs/ajh2005608a.html Brigham and womens Hospital http://brighamandwomens.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/85,P00866 Texas Heart Institute http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/Topics/HSmart/exercis1.cfm NEMA (National Emergency Medicine Association) http://www.nemahealth.org/programs/healthcare/heart_rate_pulse.htm